This is something I'm acutally planning on doing for Dryden. I'm on the verge of starting to aquire the full version of Ultra Hal Assistant and start working on the AI Training.
As for the electronics, you can put a computer in a car, and you'd need to have a 2nd battery, bigger alternator, possibly a bigger regulator, charging system, etc. It can work in the trunk as Michael said. I plan to use a normal case and hard drive, but may pad the drive a bit more though (maybe put a 3.5" HD in the 5.25" bay with LOTS of shock-absorbing padding). Then wire the CD and other stuff, speakers, etc. into the car and try to integrate it.
You *could* make a board interface to connect the ECM to the car and the computer too. There's some ECM software out there but not sure if it's monitoring software or if an AI can grab data from it. I would like to find out some day. You could also make a serial-port board and send voltages to your car's power locks, power seats, etc. if you have those. You might want to study up on electronics and also get some stuff at surplus stores, Mouser or Allied Electronics, Radio Shack, etc.
There's been some in the replica world that have hooked up things like talking with KITT's voice, video monitoring, etc.
If you want the car to drive itself, that's already being done by a mechatronics lab in I think Sweden or Switzerland (forgot which). The project is called "Evolve". The car will parallel park without anyone in it!
I think you can get the car to do some things on it's own. If you have cruise control, you have some of the electronics right there. It's a matter of getting the shop manual and wireing for your car, and figuring out the signals and stuff. Again, tapping into the ECM also is something useful.
You could also hook up mechanical relays to control things like throttle. You might be able to get the signals or hook up a device to send signals from the automatic transmission, and thus maybe send signals to a device that would also shift the transmission. Because if a car has automatic transmission, it already has the ability to automatically shift by itself to begin with. It's a matter of hooking the PC to it and getting some software (or writing some yourself if you're able) and getting it to shift the transmission as well.
Then you want to electronically control brakes and steering. These could be a bit more tricky but doable.
The largest obsticle though isn't the mechanical interface to the computer anymore. Now it's more the software and object recognition and distance detection, etc. In other words, you have to have video, and radar-like scanning (possibly microwave or other types) so that the car can not only see, but also determine obsticles, where the road is, how to stay in the lanes, etc. Many high-end SUVs are starting to have "auto correct" now that if you don't have your turn signal on and you go to change lanes, the SUV will steer back into the lane again! I read about this somewhere. But for you to do this yourself, you'll need to know how to write software that can do some object recognition and stuff. And don't test it on the real road - find an empty lot or race track and bring some cones and stuff. You don't want a K.A.R.R. situation.
Theoretically, if you have the mechanical and computer know-how, yes, you CAN make a robot car. Even maybe before the scientists and DARPA can. But you got to be clever. And have a little cash, but I don't think you need to be rich, really. Just relatively clever with computers and automotive mechanics.
I'm neither but I think I can get a few things done. I don't know about self-driving though. But the computer thing I am actively starting to plan. Won't be done this year or maybe another two years, don't know yet. Dryden still needs some mechanical work and other restoration work done first.
Keep your eye on my site (click the www) button and also browse the links page there as I have quite a bit of info for those wanting to build a robot car. Well, actually these days cars *are* robots already. But I'm talking about info on making cars more like KITT.
